A low intake of fruit and vegetables, and a high fat diet may be risk factors for bladder cancer according to the findings of a study published in the American Journal of Epidemiology in April 2000.

The study involved the analysis of 38 previous research studies on the impact of diet on bladder cancer. The researchers looked at six dietary variables: high meat intake, high fat intake, low vegetable consumption, low fruit consumption, low intake of retinol (vitamin A), and low intake of beta-carotene.

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A form of Vitamin E known as alpha-tocopherol may reduce both the risk of developing and dying from prostate cancer according to a study published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

The study, which was published back in 1998 by researchers at the Department of Public Health in Helsinki, Finland, looked at the effects of both beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol on the risk of prostate cancer. Beta-carotene is an antioxidant that is converted by the body into Vitamin A. Alpha-tocopherol is the most common form of Vitamin E and is also the most beneficially in terms of antioxidant activity. It is also the form commonly used in Vitamin E supplements.

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A new study, published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute has found that Vitamin D is not effective in reducing the risk of developing prostate cancer.

Recent studies have found a link between vitamin D levels and a reduction in the risk of many forms of cancer such as breast, colon, and lung cancer however studies on the relationship between vitamin D and prostate cancer have yielded mixed results to date.

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Diets high in folate, also known as folic acid or vitamin B9, have been implicated with a reduced risk of many cancers including colo-rectal, lung, and esophageal cancer. Recent evidence also suggests a link between folate and a reduction in pancreatic cancer risk of up to 75% in some cases.

The study, conducted by Swedish researchers and published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute in March 2006 involved the study of 81,922 men and women from Sweden for an average of 6.8 years.

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A scientific study has shown that three popular vitamins, vitamin C, vitamin E, and folic acid (vitamin B9) do not reduce lung cancer risk. Furthermore, researchers found a small but significant increase in lung cancer risk amongst smokers taking vitamin E supplements.

The research, which is reported in the March 2008 issue of the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, followed 77,126 American men and women from the state of Washington aged between 50 and 76.

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Usage of vitamin and minerals supplements is much higher amongst cancer survivors than it is in the general population according to a recent research review funded by the National Cancer Institute.

The study, published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology found that between 64 and 81 percent of cancer survivors had reported using some form of vitamin or mineral supplement while between 26 and 77 percent reported taking some form of multivitamin.

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